An Influenced Life Essay

An Influenced Life As people grow and develop in their lives, many factors influence their trajectories. These factors manifest themselves in many ways, but some are more prominent than others. I believe that every person, depending the factors that influenced them most strongly, would place more importance on some factors than others. In other words, my essay will be different than other classmates, because I was raised differently than most of them and different things had impacts on my development. Individuals also probably think some are more important factors than others, and these viewpoints depend solely on their lives and their development thus far. My personal view is that some of the most important factors that influence an individual’s development are their innate temperament, the parents they are born to, the consequent family role they possess, the anxiety they bear in life, and the relationships they make – both forced and by their own volition. Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. Although I believe these are some of the most important factors, they are by no means the only things that influence a persons’ development over time. Also worth noting is the fact that these all impact each other as well as singularly influencing an individual. When combined, many factors cause other factors and all influence a persons’ development trajectory. One of these influences is inborn, not decided by outside forces. Temperament is something every human is born with, and it is shown from the moment they start breathing. My sister and I, for example, have somewhat opposite temperaments. As a child I was very loud and loved to talk (which hasn’t changed), and my sister was much quieter and listened much better than I ever could. She was more patient from birth than I will ever be. This chasm between our personalities provides some definition for our life development. Her calm, quiet manner led to little misbehavior and consequent punishment. My quick, sarcastic temper led to much conflict with parents and occasionally teachers, and required containment. This put me in a different trajectory than my sister, as she became easy to deal with, and easy to please. My parents had to take a different approach with me, as my temperament led me to be harder to discipline, please, and control. The temperament of any individual greatly influences a person’s future life development. It influences the way a person reacts and relates to other people, the way they act alone and in company, and their view on the world. Parents are one of the influences I think most would agree impacts development most. Even people who had parents that were not present might agree that the absence itself influenced their life and development. The techniques parents use vary and are quite different from family to family, and occasionally even within families. Parenting impacts development and views of the world because they restrict or allow activities, and provide moral ideas and values in differing strengths, passing on much to their children. As we grow out of childhood, impressions of our parents from a young age remain with us and impact the way we live, act, and interpret others’ behaviors. The two spectrums for parenting styles measure how demanding a parent is, and how responsive a parent is. To me, these can make or break a child’s development. If either is too low, the child will have problems later in life, but if either is too high, there will also be consequences. High responsiveness may produce a needy, incapable adult, while low responsiveness will result in anxiety about love, and mattering. High demanding parenting may result in a high-strung, over-achieving stressed adult, while low demanding will produce an adult with little motivation and drive. Clearly, parenting impacts development and, if possible, should be controlled in order to help children develop correctly and well. As parents begin to treat children differently due to temperament, and children learn more about their parenting styles, the kids in the family begin to learn their roles in the family. These roles can range from simply the â€Å"quiet one† to â€Å"loud one,† or from â€Å"instigator† to â€Å"peace-maker.† Some of the roles can make children feel guilty, unworthy, or bad about themselves, while others make childr en feel proud, confident, and pleased. These differences start at a young age and continue through their lives, even into adulthood. This will also influence relationships and life plans, causing each person to have a different filter per say, which they view the world through. If an individual follows these family roles into adulthood, individuals follow whatever mold they were shaped into as a young person. This can obviously impact development in frightening ways. One can imagine a forty year-old still following his instilled role of a meek, rule-following, shy six year-old, or a twenty-one year-old still behaving as a reckless, authority defying teenager, but with much more damaging and dangerous rebellions. The types of anxiety that a person deals with on a frequent  basis derive from many sources. These factors come from both developmental sources and environmental sources. While environmental sources are inevitable and cannot be avoided, like natural disasters and wars, the developmental sources can be somewhat traced to other developmental factors. If a person carries too much anxiety, they can then begi n to develop harmful relationships and tendencies. Some anxieties that can hurt a persons’ development are worrying about trust, competence, and mattering. All three of these concerns can come from the way an individual is treated and affected by people close to them, and society as a whole, along with some of the traits they were born with. These main three concerns make or break relationships, another developmental factor. However, they also impact the way we develop in all strains of life, especially cognitive development. If someone has anxiety about not mattering or being competent, and this anxiety is reinforced by their relationships, they may truly begin to believe these things. This will begin to impact their work and productivity, starting to truly render them incompetent. Relationships also play a large role in development over time. Of all the factors discussed, I think this may be one of the most obvious, but also one of the most influential. Depending on the individual someone is relating to, and the impacts other developmental factors have on them too, relationships are the dynamic culmination of influences on human devel opment. Relationship models range from secure to insecure, and someone who forms insecure relationships is unlikely to trust anyone, and consequently bear even more anxiety than what led to the insecure relationship. I think relationships influence development because relationships give us friends, role models, and comfort. Relationships make life worth living, but if they are not healthy and secure relationships, the zeal for life may degrade. There are many factors that impact development in many different ways. These influences can have physical, social, cognitive, and emotional consequences, and help us to become the adults we do in life. They eventually all do interrelate and combine to influence each other and our development in many ways. This being said, it is crucial to development to have consistent, good, controlled factors. Although temperament cannot be controlled, parenting styles, family roles, and relationships can be objectively considered and helped, in order to ensure proper development and a productive, competent adult. If every child had these factors controlled  and watched, in order to help them develop the best they could, there would be much less anxiety, unhappiness, and idleness in our society.

Accomplishing Your Rite of Passage

Accomplishing Your Rite of Passage Do you think it’s more important to prove something to yourself or to others? In the stories, â€Å"through the Tunnel† and â€Å"Brothers are the Same,† Jerry and Temas went through their rites of passage. Jerry’s rite of passage was swimming through an underwater tunnel while Temas’ rite of passage was to fight a lion. Jerry chose to go through the tunnel himself because he wanted to prove he could do it. Temas fought the lion because he wanted to show his tribe that he was a man.Jerry accomplished his rite of passage by himself, unlike Temas who achieved his goal surrounded by his tribe. In the story, â€Å"Through the Tunnel,† Jerry chose his rite of passage after he saw the older boys swimming through the tunnel and wanted to prove that he was as cool as them. After the older boys left the rocky bay, Jerry was determined to prove to himself that he would swim through the tunnel. He spent the next few da ys practicing to hold his breath as long as he could. He had gotten horrible nose bleeds but he kept on trying; he never gave up.On the last day of his vacation, he had made it all the way through the tunnel, counting his time spent under water, to help him with his breathing. Near the end, he almost ran out of breath, he kept on moving. One he made it out, achieving his goal; he learned that it was more important to prove something to you than to someone else. When he went through the tunnel, he was by himself and no one had watched him. He didn’t want to do it again just to prove to someone else that he could do it; he knew personally that he could.Going through a dangerous tunnel like that wasn’t worth proving to someone else that he could do it. In the story, â€Å"Brothers are the Same,† Temas accomplished his rite of passage surrounded by his tribe. Temas’ tribe has already determined his rite of passage when he reaches a certain age to prove his ma nhood, which is to defeat a lion. He tried to prove himself to everyone in the Masai tribe including the girl he likes, named Kileghen. Temas was scared of failure and scared of his friends laughing at him.When it comes time for Temas to fight the lion, he is circled by his tribe trying to prove his passage to manhood. At first, he couldn’t even get the lion’s attention; the lion had walked toward another member of his tribe Casaro. When Casaro was about to raised his shield to fight the beast, Medoto, a member of his tribe who also likes Kileghen, had flung a stone directly at the lion. Now the lion goes after Temas thinking he is the one who had thrown the rock. At that moment, all of his fear was gone. He had thrown his spear at the lion but had only hit the lion’s shoulder, which wasn’t enough to take it down.When the lion had bit Temas and Dragged him away, Temas still didn’t give up; he was determined to kill the lion. While the lion dragged Temas, He stabbed the lion and conquered the beast. His whole Tribe has a big celebration for his braveness and his success at becoming a man. Jerry had tried to achieve his goal to prove something to himself, while Temas had accomplished his goal to prove himself to his whole tribe. Jerry was happy for himself as Temas’ tribe was glad at Temas’ success. Jerry and Temas showed others that you can accomplish anything whether or not you’re proving it to yourself or others.

Homophobia in Schools Essay

Homophobia is more alive than ever. Each day homophobia takes places in the world through vicious spoken, written and physical acts. One place in society that homophobic acts are alive and predominant is in our schools. Homophobia takes places in a variety of ways in school, from offensive jokes, threats, harassment, or physical assault made towards lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender youth. As Campos describes in Diverse Sexuality and School, â€Å"homophobia denotes a fear or hatred of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender youth; it encompasses the prejudice or discrimination experienced by such persons based on their sexual orientation or gender identity† (8). Society may be advancing in the aspect of understanding, but schools still have a long way because all students need to be educated on every type of sexuality. From a personal reflection, I recall taking a class on teen education in my tenth year of grade school; I do not recall being educated on any other sexuality other than heterosexuality and this was only six years ago. Today I ask the question, why? Are teachers just as homophobic as some students are? In a Canadian report entitled, Every Class in Every School: Final Report on the First National Climate Survey on Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia in Canadian Schools, Taylor and Peter explore alarming statistics. â€Å"70 percent of all LGBT and non-LBGT students reported hearing expressions such as ‘that’s so gay’ every day in school, and almost 48 percent reported hearing remarks such as ‘faggot, lezbo, and dyke’ every day in school. 10 percent of students have heard homophobic statements from teachers. 70 percent of LGBT students said they feel unsafe in school† (Taylor and Peter 15). These facts are alarming, scary, and most of all true. The focus of my research is to focus on homophobic acts and examples, the effects of these acts, and ways to overcome homophobia. Homophobia is defined as a extreme rage and fear towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender which causes devastating effects; the only way to overcome homophobia is through education in our schools, education on the beauty, tolerance, and acceptance of each individual’s diversity. To truly understand homophobia, it is important to hear real-life stories and incidents that have perpetrated young homosexual, bisexual or transgender youth. The stories that will be introduced truly show that some adolescents have extremely difficulty accepting persons who do not conform to the social norms of society. Homophobia acts become a part of the daily routine at school. â€Å"I was chased all the way to my house by a mob of students as things were thrown at me and I was kicked and hit† (Campos 34). If these students chasing the young individual do not get caught, the students believe their mistreatment of a homosexual youth as permissible and justifiable; they will do it and again. As Campos describes, â€Å"befriending, supporting or defending a gay or lesbian youth is risky for a nonviolent heterosexual youth because they could potentially be labelled as gay or lesbian and face potential harassment as well† (34). They biggest fear for heterosexual youth is that he or she does not want to be called gay or lesbian because the heterosexual youth knows that he or she will become the next victim. It is truly a game of fear. An example of fear is shown in the following taken from Gender, Bulling and Harassment: Strategies to End Sexism and Homophobia in Schools, â€Å"On February 12, 2008, 15 year old Larry King was shot in the computer classroom of his California junior high school by another male student after Larry had asked him to be his valentine. Larry was known in his school not only for being openly gay but also wearing high heels, nail polish, and makeup. The tragic incident is one of the more recent and extreme examples of why it was important to write this book† (Meyer 9). The outcome of extreme homophobia is devastating as shown in the above example. The extent a heterosexual youth would go just to eliminate the label of being associated with a homosexual youth is inhumane. What bothers me the most is the extreme spectrum between the acceptance and hatred of non-heterosexual youth; there is not a â€Å"free to be† attitude all together. For example, we have Nicole who won’t associate with Kayla, who is a lesbian, because she fears Kayla will like her and other girls will think Nicole is also a lesbian; therefore Nicole calls Kayla a â€Å"dyke† everyday in gym class and bullies Kayla because she wears boxers. Then on the other side of the spectrum, we have Hayden who is more than happy to accept his best friend Max as homosexual. In fact, Hayden asked Max to join the soccer team with him and the rest of the soccer team warmly welcomed Max as one of the guys. Both examples are very possible in society and schools today and both examples reflect the culture of the school as a whole. Unfortunately, the example with Kayla and Nicole is something that takes place much more frequent than the story of Hayden and Max because â€Å"rarely do schools contribute positively to gay and lesbian youth’s sexual identity development† (Campos 23). Schools lack education on sexual and gender diversity which leads to horrible acts causing LGBT youth to endure the overwhelming effects of homophobia. The effects on a LGBT youth because of homophobia can be fatal. In the past few years, there have been numerous suicides as a result of homophobia and bullying. In Understanding Gay and Lesbian Youth, Campos introduces us to Robbie who is a 14 year old gay youth who ended his life. In Robbie’s suicide note he wrote, â€Å"I am sorry for the pain that I have put everyone through, I hope I can find the peace that I couldn’t find in life.† One can only imagine the amount of unbearable pressure and pain that Robbie endured every day of his young life to believe that his only option was to take his life. However, students still do not stop bullying despite the fact that they are killing non-heterosexual youth, emotionally and physically. â€Å"LGBT youth face three major problems: (1) isolation, (2) family difficulties, and (3) violence† (Martin and Hetrick, 85). Suicide among homosexual youth is one of the greatest at risk factors because some researchers beli eve that no other group of youth suffers more than gay and lesbian youth. The biggest reason for these effects is because of the lack of education, supports and resources. Schools choose not to teach about homosexuality because either a) teachers do not feel competent enough, b) teachers do not feel comfortable enough in regards to school policy, or c) teachers are also homophobic. Whatever the reason may be, schools must put students first. When gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender youth face unacceptance from their teachers who are supposed to be their role models, the youth feels â€Å"cognitively, socially, and emotionally isolated and alone leading to the development of severe problems† (Campos 30). Some problems that occur among school personnel are that they are wrongly educated on what it means to be homosexual and the effects of homophobia. In my research and personal interactions I have found that school personnel assume that gay and lesbian youth have a sexual identity crisis or an internal conflict which causes them to consider suicide. â€Å"The fact is that most gay and lesbian youth consider suicide as a means to escape the pa in of prejudice, rejection and isolation† (Campos 21). The question is how the youth reaches the point of choosing suicide as the only option left. The best way to answer this question is to sit back and think about one’s adolescence as a heterosexual individual. As a heterosexual individual you were more than likely able to roam the hallways freely without be ostracized, alienated, ridiculed, condemned or harassed every day. I am not assuming that one, as a heterosexual youth, did not face harassment at all, but not on a daily routine and normal part of the day. The daily routine of feeling unsafe within the doors of the school would become unbearable. As Campos describes in Understanding Gay and Lesbian Youth, â€Å"they began to feel anxiety, fear, worthlessness, stress, isolation, and depression† (20). The result of these feelings lead youth to engage in self destructive behaviours, beginning with skipping classes, dropping out, running away, and abusing substances. To validate this previous statement, Safe Schools Coalition in Victoria, BC, features official research on the impact of homophobic bullying. The following excerpt, taken from the SSVC website, explains why homophobia is so serious. â€Å"Critical new research has found that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth who experience high levels of school victimization in middle and high school report impaired health and mental health in young adulthood, including depression, suicide attempts that require medical care, sexually transmitted diseases and risk for HIV. This is the first known study to examine the relationship between school victimization during adolescence – specifically related to sexual orientation and gender identity. The study demonstrates the importance of addressing and preventing anti-LGBT victimization at the structural or school level to reduce health disparities among LGBT young people. The study is published in the Journal of School Health, the journal of the American School Health Association† (SSVC) The last question left is â€Å"what can one do?† to overcome homophobia. There are many things within the school – academically, socially, and morally – that need to be altered, changed and transformed.

How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism - Essay Example High grade traditional explosives and electrical and mechanical equipment are used to set off a nuclear bomb. Hydrogen bomb, which is thousands of times much more powerful than an atom bomb has not been used in war anywhere. A nuclear explosion, deliberate or accidental, would lead to release of energy millions of times greater than that of dynamite or RDX, causing so much of heat and pressure, called as 'thermal radiation', that all materials are converted into compressed gases accompanied with a tremor wave. The explosion produces highly penetrating gamma rays, which would travel long distance in seconds, cannot be felt by human beings, causing fatal long term effect on human bodies or those of other living beings. In first ever use of nuclear bombs by America in second world war, it is estimated that as many as 140,000 had died in Hiroshima by the bomb and its post explosion effects, with the estimate for Nagasaki roughly 75,000., majority of the deaths were those of civilians. In estimating the number of deaths caused by the attacks, many victims died in the following months or years after the bombing as a result of radiation exposure. Today's nuclear bombs are thousand times much more destructive than those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The world's first nuclear explosion was achieved with plutonium, a man-made element produced in nuclear reactors. Plutonium is created when an atom of uranium-238 is hit by a neutron and becomes plutonium-239. Nuclear reactor, which is used to generate power or propel marine vehicles generates the neutrons in a controlled chain reaction. For the neutrons to be absorbed by the uranium their speed must be slowed by passing them through a substance known as a "moderator." Graphite and heavy water are used as moderators in reactors fueled by natural uranium. Heavy water contains an atom of deuterium instead of an atom of hydrogen. 4 kilograms of Plutonium would be needed to make a bomb with a beryllium reflector. Countries producing plutonium for weapons have generally operated their reactors to maximize the production of plutonium-239-the isotope most useful for nuclear weapons. Weapon-grade plutonium contains less than 7 percent plutonium-240. Under normal nuclear power plant operation, the plutonium in spent reactor fuel contains roughly 24 percent plutonium-240; such plutonium is often referred to as "reactor-grade." However, essentially all isotopic mixtures of plutonium-including reactor-grade plutonium-can be used for nuclear weapons. In order to use plutonium in nuclear weapons or nuclear fuel, however, it must be separated from the rest of the spent fuel in a reprocessing facility. Plutonium separation is easier than uranium enrichment because it involves separating different elements rather than different isotopes of the same element. It uses well-known chemical separation techniques. Relatively large amounts of plutonium-240, as would be contained in reactor-grade plutonium, can cause a weapon to detonate early and "fizzle," causing a smaller explosion than intended. However, even a weapon that fizzles would cause an explosion roughly equivalent to 1,000 tons (1 kiloton) of TNT. A weapon of this size could kill tens of thousands of people if detonated in a city, which clearly demonstrates that even reactor-grade plu

SMOKING AS A HEART DISEASE FACTOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SMOKING AS A HEART DISEASE FACTOR - Essay Example A direct link has been identified between lung cancer and tobacco smoking, as well as other links to respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and emphysema, and to coronary heart diseases (Pocket Dictionary of Biology 1999.) Several clinical trials support these findings as well (Kunz1, Pechlaner, Ho, & Pfister 2005). Smoking increases the risk of developing heart disease and is the leading cause of premature and preventable deaths in the United States alone (Cohen 1999). Smoking is a major risk factor for developing heart disease as it indirectly affects how the heart works and creates an imbalance in the cardiovascular system. For example, smoking causes emphysema, where the lungs lose their elasticity and the individual is often left short of breath. One of the heart's functions is to deliver oxygen, so the reduced surface area in the lungs results in an increased demand for oxygen by the lungs and other muscular organs and tissue. As a result of this increased demand, the heart has to work harder to compensate for this imbalance. If this happens over a long period of time, the heart muscles will weaken and/or change (e.g. heart enlargement, hardening of arteries, fatty deposits) and combined with other risk factors, will lead to heart disease. N The following points summarise the ways in which smoking affects the cardiovascular system. Smoking increases the levels of carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas. In the long term this gas contributes to the damaged lining of blood vessels and artery hardening (Black 1992). Smoking raises blood levels of fibrinogen which is a clotting agent that causes blood platelets to stick together, increasing the risk of blood clots and blockages in the vascular system (Black 1992). Nicotine raises blood pressure and the heart rate which results in the heart working harder. It also constricts the coronary arteries which results in less supply of blood and oxygen to the heart (Black 1992). However, it is important to be aware of the nature of the various forms of heart disease, as this will increase our understanding of how smoking directly affects the working of the heart and the cardiovascular system. Heart Disease Heart disease consists of a variety of diseases that directly affect the workings of the heart. Arteriosclerotic disease is a result of the occurrence of fatty deposits inside the coronary arteries and blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle. When the blood supply from these vessels is slowed down or ceases, the individual will most probably experience angina or a heart attack. High blood pressure occurs when the heart encounters a higher resistance in the blood vessels outside the heart. This results in the enlargement of the heart and thickening of the heart muscle. (Cohen 1992) These factors contribute to reduced efficiency in the cardiovascular system as the heart now requires more oxygen to function and strains its muscle. It also speeds up the process of atherosclerosis by driving blood fat and cholesterol into the blood vessel walls increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Heart failure occurs when the heart becomes excessively stiff or fatigued from worki ng too hard, either because it must pump against too strong a resistance or because there has been a loss of heart

Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Plan - Essay Example The paper will emphasize on the factors which are essential for developing a successful marketing communication plan for the launch of the new product. Promotional techniques as well as procedures are required to be recognized along with making an identification of appropriate technologies for performing marketing operations for the company. Moreover, the paper will also emphasize on the differences of marketing communication plan required for the market of the United States and China. Marketing Communication plan is a technique of formulating strategies as well as plans for marketing new products in a market in an efficient manner. There are a few elements which are considered to be an important factor for developing an effective marketing communication plan. These elements are as follows: The club is required to conduct an analysis of the market segment where the company is going to launch its product. The market size as well as trend of the market is required to be evaluated for recognizing suitability of such market. Moreover, market conditions as well as economy should be ascertained in order to launch the new product in an effective manner (Egan, 2007). The objective of the club is required to be clear as well as precise in order to expand business operations and to be effective in providing products both at national as well as in international market in an efficient manner (Egan, 2007). The club is required to formulate appropriate strategies in accordance with the situational analysis as well as objectives of the company. Moreover, the strategies which are formulated should assist the club in marketing products in the market of China in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, the club is also required to devise appropriate marketing as well as communication strategies with the objectives of better awareness of the product among consumers in the market (Egan,

Human Resource Information System - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Information System - - Essay Example This business is a restaurant, and it entails 300-340 employees. This means that the HRIS system that is to be put in place is that which puts more emphasis on employees. Also, the operations manager needs a system that will help him with the HR function of scheduling, recruiting and hiring of these employees. Therefore, the best human resource information system will be that of tactical HRIS. This information system is one that helps managers with support for decisions and emphasis on resource allocation. Within the human resource management, these decisions include; the analysis of the job and decisions of design, development decisions and training and plan for employee compensation decisions (knowledge base, 2012). There are two choices of the HRIS vendors that seem genuinely ok for this business and this include; the staff files pro- Atlas business solution and the Auxillian west HR software. While using the staff files pro, helps the HR manager to stock, track, retrieve and secure employee files that are confidential as well as be able to create documents of human resource. The staff files are affordable software that is to manage by everyone. The software contains a HR document that has hundreds of templates, with text that is prewritten that makes creating HR materials, easier and faster than writing them from the start. This vendor also has an audit trail that helps the HR professional to know which employee file has changed (Atlas business solution, 1995). The use of staff files pro makes it, to be comprehensive in that it will help prepare the HR managers for every situation that may come by, and it will also enhance a fair and organized workplace. Some of the examples of the staff files pro contains include; the office policies. This office policies entail; employment policies, status of employment and records, benefits of

Judge Sotomayor and the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judge Sotomayor and the Constitution - Essay Example Sotomayor is no stranger to delivering such ill conceived decisions. As such, several of her judgments have been reversed by the Supreme Court. For instance, the ruling in the Riverkeepers case depicted the extreme views that she subscribes to. Her decidedly defective decision was set aside by the Supreme Court. According to Jeffrey Rosen, Judge Sotomayor is neither a capable judge, nor is she sufficiently intelligent to function as a judge (The Judicial Confirmation Network, 2009). According to Dr. Charmaine Yoest, President & CEO of Americans United for Life, the nomination of Sonia Sotomayor to the US Supreme Court by President Obama is in accordance with the latter’s predilections regarding Justices of the Supreme Court. This nomination is consistent with his perception that any ruling should be based on personal feelings and political agenda; rather than the rule of law (The Judicial Confirmation Network, 2009). President Obama has dispensed with all pretence of being a post – partisan president, with the nomination of Sotomayor. She is notorious for her innumerable failures and the patent absence of judicial restraint in her decisions. Judicial activism is essential for dispensing justice, in instances wherein the extant legislation fails to provide justice. However, it has to be borne in mind that judicial activism, per se, pays scant regard for the Constitution (The Washington Times, 2009). The principal drawback with judicial activism is that it emasculates the Constitution and supplants democratic decision making with a judge’s personal penchant. Thus an unelected judge, who is not accountable to anyone, can emerge as a dangerous and powerful despot. This extremely adverse scenario is exemplified by Sotomayor and her ilk. Judge Sotomayor opines that racial and sexual disparities are not genetic anomalies, and that these differences render some people superior to others (The Washington Times,

Lead 6_17 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lead 6_17 - Assignment Example Effective leaders such as CEOs have the capability to direct the organizations with efficacy in order to realize the objectives of the entities (David, 2003). It is imperative not to understate abilities of leaders in the success of firms. As a result, this paper discusses the capabilities and effectiveness of CEOs. The paper assesses an executive, Warren Buffett, which differs from others in attributes and ability in calculating risks that enhance the success of their respective organizations. The aim of the discussion is to analyze a consensus of ideas and perspectives from an organizational leader in regards with what it takes to ensure the success of an entity and higher levels of effectiveness. The paper provides an overview of the chosen CEO by highlighting the achievements, highlights, as well as significant events characterizing the leader’s career. The CEO’s leadership career will incorporate the concepts of an effective leader including personality and leadership capabilities, motivation and empowerment, his vision and strategic bearing, communication skills moral and courage direction as well as values and culture. As an influential person in the realm of investing and one of the wealthiest people in the globe, Warren Buffett is the Chief-Executive-Officer and a large shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway. Berkshire Hathaway is a multinational conglomerate entity with its headquarters situated in Omaha. Buffett came from a humble beginning to one of the wealthiest figures in the world. Characterized by business acumen as well as his ideals and principles he established his investment principles and financial abilities at an early age, which enabled him to acquire many riches. Born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, Warren Edward Buffett worked at a grocery owned by his grandfather in his early years. To show his investing qualities, Buffet purchased a stock at the age of eleven, which resulted in a $5 profit and when he

Background on Boeing & Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Background on Boeing & Airbus - Essay Example Airbus was founded in 1970 and it has in headquarters in Toulouse in France. The company took over the commercial airline business in the 90s and it has recorded tremendous growth in the past two decades. The company has majorly invested in manufacturing travel aircrafts for the global commercial market. In 1967, Airbus produced its first commercial Airplane, the A300. The Airbus A340 and A330 were later developed and Airbus along with its partner companies went into the Aircraft market with a brand that would take over the market shares globally (McGuire 1997). Airbus, just like its Boeing counterpart has always been led by the urge to maintain innovativeness throughout its period of existence, the company has always posed a challenge to itself to always improve on it previous models and to beat their rivals. This has majorly been achieved through investing in building and testing challenging ideas, perfecting them and ensuring that the final products meet the international standards in terms of quality and capacity (Thornton 1995). Boeing is the largest American Aircraft manufacturing company that was founded in 1916. Based on the time that the company has been in the business, its position in the competition in the industry is justified. It has developed some of the largest models of aircrafts in the world and it has given Airbus a run for their money with the introduction of very large airplanes. In its initial manufacturing days, the company was majorly a war aircraft producing company but it later shifted to fully developing high capacity airplanes. The 737 mode was among its first best performing commercial airplanes. The 787 Dreamliner is among its most recent aircrafts that has attracted a good reception in the global market (Boeing 2013). The competition in the aircraft business has traditionally based on the capacity

Sports in Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sports in Culture - Essay Example From thi' corpu', The Martial Art' draw' more than two hundred beautifully reproduced and pertinent illu'tration' of it' 'ubject matter. It would be no exaggeration to call thi' book the mo't important work on hi'torical fencing and European martial art' in more than 100 year'. With it Dr. Anglo e'tabli'he' him'elf a' the unque'tioned modern expert on the 'ubject of Medieval and Renai''ance martial art' hi'tory . He doe' not merely 'hed light on long held myth' and mi'conception', he unlea'he' a white-hot 'potlight on many mi'taken belief' and 'acred cow'. Dr. Anglo make' an airtight ca'e that the 'kill' de'cribed within hi'torical European fighting text' mu't be properly 'tudied a' "martial art'", and not a' the traditional view of merely "fencing" (in the modern 'en'e of the word). For mo't all of it' hi'tory "fencing" meant not ju't 'wordplay, but the armed 'kill' of fighting with weapon' and alway' included unarmed technique' (Anglo, 11-32). At 384 page' and with more than 200 illu'tration' thi' i' an immen'e trea'ure-trove for all tho'e intere'ted in 'word'man'hip and the hi'tory of European combat. The magnitude and wealth of information contained on ma'ter' of arm' and their work' from the 13th to the 17th centurie' i', to put it 'imply, incredible. Dr. Anglo begin' hi' volume not with a "hi'tory of fencing", but with the documentation for "ma'ter' of arm'" (or ma'ter' of defence) within European civilization. Hi' primary concern i' how they created 'y'tem' of notation to convey information about combat movement, the variou' way' they went about achieving thi' communication, and what they thought they were achieving a' a re'ult. He e'tabli'he' that, fitting within the cla''ic We'tern tradition of art' and letter', many ma'ter' of arm' were purpo'ely recording their martial teaching' a' literary work' for the education of future 'tudent'. He achieve' a detailed ta'k of putting the work' of the ma'ter' of arm' into the ir hi'torical and 'ocial context while di'cu''ing the limitation' of re'earching the'e text'. He al'o pre'ent' the material with frequent dry humor and appreciation for irony (Holling', 1453-1659). The book i' hard to put down and plea'antly written to avoid either academic jargon or lightheartedne''. Mo't any chapter can be opened and read on it' own. Though at time' not an ea'y read (keep your dictionary handy) and while occa'ionally leaving the reader begging for further clarification at hi' tea'ing reference', the range of the material covered i' impre''ive. The work contain' fa'cinating 'ection' on definition' of 'word' and rapier' in hi'torical document' a' well a' other' 'uch a' "Foot Combat With 'word': Myth' and Realtie'", "Diagram', Mathematic', and Geometry in 'wordplay", "Lawyer', Humani't', and the Martial Art'", and "Arm' and armor". Annoyingly however, the footnote' are all in the back, which make' it inconvenient to look up what are in many ca'e' highly relevant comment'. Intere'tingly, what the book i' not i' a chronological 'ummary of every hi'torical fencing ma'ter from the period with a detailed de'cription their 'ignificance and their technique'. In'tead, we are given many valuable in'ight' and ob'ervation' on the work' of the

Patterns In Plant Distribution Along The Shore To Land Gradient On A Coastal Beach Essay Example for Free

Patterns In Plant Distribution Along The Shore To Land Gradient On A Coastal Beach Essay The plants pattern distribution along the shore to land gradient on coastal beaches is relatively in species diversity because many plants are not adapted to the harsh environmental conditions which include slat spray, sand movement and dry nutrients poor substances. However, some plants survive and nourish well in the coastal environment especially the colonizing species which are important to the early stabilization of freshly deposited sediments. For example, the American beach grass and dune sand bur grass which are pioneer colonist in diversity and are distributed along the coastal. They stabilize and initiate dunes (Cheplick 113). Annual grass species are relatively abundant in the coastal ecosystems making them denser in pattern and are well distributed. Along the shores due to disturbance by sand movements and other geographical factors there is a mixture of exotic frasses brought by water movements or waves and natives as dune sand bur grass. Beaches are commonly dominated by native perennial grasses that are the American beach grass whish is scientifically known as Ammophilia breviligulata. Typically it co exists with other annual grasses and herbs in the pioneer zones. There are no fully developed fore dune as in the case of Dune sand bur along the stated island shore, however there is a small distribution pattern along the shores. The American beach grass is more densily distributed along the beach especially at, Midland beach and does not have liable seeds due to its seed dispersion (Cheplick 147). The purple sand grass and grab grass which are annual are also abundant, but they are not near along the shores due to their mode a deed dispersion which mainly is through animal activities. Due to extensive sand stabilization plantings the American beach grass dominating fore dunes along the shores in the coastal regions of the stated island. For this species colonizing shore line habitats are resistant to most human activities. Most species that are offshore are not well distributed due to disturbance of human activities which are more. Due to more sand deposits along the shores I can suggest that it is a contributing factor as to where the grasses have a much bigger colonization succession. Annual plants along the coastal regions are more prolific seed producers and important to the colonization of bare dune substrates. However, where they are already established on dune building and their abundances in the pioneer zones along the coastal beaches natural anthropogenic disturbances are rampant. This contributes to dune formation. There is difficulty in survival and also managing nourishments and other self gain human activities (Cheplick 158). The purple grass dominates areas where human activities have taken place where they cover land, by casual observation because of the impact the activities have on plants. This purple grass colonizes mainly the urban areas, meaning where other grass types do not flourish due to negative impacts of human activities, it tends to have a good potential. It is densely distributed on the urban shorelines. Because of shorter distances, or good proximity to the shores which earlier we saw that there are sand deposits due to geographical factors, the purple grass distribution pattern spreads in high density on the parts of the beach farthest from shore (Cheplick 185). Their growth, survival and reproduction pattern spreads widely from the shore on condition that the intraspecific densities are not high enough to negatively impact its distribution. Conclusion In conclusion species composition and density in the plant community vary with the increasing distances from the coastal shore lines. There are various factors that contribute to this. There is a chain of circumstantial events from seed dispersal through seedlings establishment and subsequent survival. For instance for the purple-grass, seeds are dispersed and incorporated into the sand substrates (Cheplick 188). Annual plant communities of the coastal ecosystems exist in both inter-specific and intra-specific interactions and relations. The purple grass and dune sand bur grass are common along the shore of Staten Island in New York. The purple grass, due to its seed maturity within leaf sheaths along tillers, they are heavier seeds. Hence with larger production of seeds sand bur tend to be more distributed than the purple grass. Hence the differences in the seed dispersibility of seeds, their sizes favors in the coastal ecosystems. From studies and casual observations as evident a biotic factors as sand deposition, drought, nutrient deficiency and salt spray impacts negatively on the coastal ecosystems especially those plants with lower adaptability rates and survival rates. Competition between species and inter-specific relations or interactions has influence and plants growth patterns and rates. Also reproduction and seed dispersion is affected especially in dunes annual plants (Cheplick 247). Anthropogenic activities and natural geographical patterns on fore dunes and beaches probably have favored annual plants evolution. Successive species along the shorelines is the ability to mature seeds fast and establish seedlings under harsh coastal environments. Larger seeds may be more adaptive in coastal ecosystems, resulting in better chances and more density in distribution (Cheplick 296).

Metabolic pathways for Diclofenac

Metabolic pathways for Diclofenac Diclofenac (2-(2,6-dichlo ranilino)phenyl acetic acid) Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used to reduce inflammation and pain in conditions which include, but not limited to ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, osteoarthritis and acute pain. Diclofenac, a phenyl acetic derivative, is a lipophilic and weakly acidic compound made up of two twisted aromatic rings. Molecular structure: Diclofenac exerts its pharmacological activity by non-selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of the polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, into prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclins (Schweitzer et al., 2009). Prostaglandins are involved in maintenance of organ systems such as protection of the stomach wall or for the kidney function. They are also mediators of pain and inflammation. The most commonly observed side effects of Diclofenac are gastrointestinal disturbances and these may include abdominal pain, constipation, flatulence, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, gross bleeding/perforation, heartburn, nausea, GI ulcers (gastric/duodenal) and vomiting. Other side effects that may occur include impaired renal function, anemia, dizziness, oedema, headaches, increased bleeding time and allergic reactions (pruritus, rashes and tinnitus). Metabolism of Diclofenac The metabolism of Diclofenac mainly takes place in the liver and involves two major pathways, oxidative metabolism and conjugation to glucuronic acid. Metabolic pathways for Diclofenac (Vickers, 2008) The oxidative metabolism (ring hydroxylation) of Diclofenac is catalysed by two enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family namely CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 (Boelsterli et al., 2007). This results in the formation of 4-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac as the major metabolites. A number of other mono- or dihydroxylated or methoxylated metabolites may also result. The 4-OH and the 5-OH metabolites of diclofenac can be further oxidized to a highly recative p-benzoquinone imine with great potential for redox cycling and hence oxidative stress. These metabolites are excreted from the body through the renal route. Diclofenac is also conjugated to activated glucuronic acid (Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid-UDPGA) in a reaction catalysed by UGT2B7 in humans and UGT2B1 in rats. This results in the formation of an acyl glucuronide which is a potentially reactive metabolite. The electrophilic carboxy carbon on the acyl glucuronide reacts with the sulfhydril group on proteins, forming covalent adducts. The acyl glucuronide can be further metabolized to 4_-OH-diclofenac acyl-glucuronide by CYP2C8, and subsequently to a benzoquinone imine which can pose oxidative stress to cells by redox cycling. The conjugation of Diclofenac to acyl glucuronide (Boelsterli et al., 2007) The acyl glucuronides are largely excreted from the body through the billiary system. The Diclofenac acyl glucuronide anions are transported from the hepatocytes into the biliary canaliculus by the canalicular anion transporter, multidrug resistace-associated protein (Mrp2). The enterohepatic circulation of Diclofenac metabolites (Boelsterli et al., 2007) During the transportation process, some of the most reactive metabolites will react to form covalent bonds with canalicular proteins and others in distal locations in the biliary tree. In the small intestines, a bacterial enzyme ß-glucuronidase, cleaves the acyl glucuronides to an aglycone which is readily reabsorbed. This phenomenon is referred to as enterohepatic cycling. ß-glucuronidase resistant iso-glucuronides are excreted. The overall exposure to Diclofenac and its metabolites is therefore increased. Diclofenac-induced toxicities The use of Diclofenac is often associated with certain toxicities, although some of them are not very common and therefore are not quite predictable. The major ones include gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Gastrointestinal disturbances (dyspepsia and ulceration) Diclofenac related gastrointestinal disturbances are thought to be related to its mechanism of action (Takeuchi et al., 2003). There are two important isoforms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. The inducible COX-2 is stimulated by tissue or cell injury to break down arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins involved in the regulation of pain and inflammation. The constitutive COX-1 is involved in the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes that take part in the normal tissue homeostasis and this include protection of the gastric mucosal lining from gastric acid. Upon inhibition of COX-1 by Diclofenac, the mucosal lining is left unprotected and disturbances may ensue. This may be related to the dose. Drugs with more selectivity towards the COX-2 isoform are safer in this regard. Hepatotoxicity The liver is highly susceptible to xenobiotic-induced toxic injuries because it is functionally interposed between the site of absorption and the systemic circulation, hence all drugs pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. More so it is a major site of metabolism and elimination of foreign substances. Diclofenac is a generally safe drug within its therapeutic ranges, however its use can, in rare cases, result in severe hepatic injury (Boelsterli et al., 2003) Significant hepatotoxicity was also noted with the other pioneer NSAIDs and they were subsequently withdrawn from the market (Kaplowitz), for example benoxaprofen, piniprofen and fenclofenac to name but a few. Hepatoxicity is mainly characterised by jaundice, fatigue, anorexia nausea and vomiting. Liver toxicity is typical example of idiosyncratic drug toxicity because of liver injury is not a reproducible effect and lacks a simple dose-response relationship (Boelsterli et al. 2003). Mechanism of Diclofenac induced liver injury As with many xenoniotics, there is a casual link between the metabolism and binding of Diclofenac with its adverse effects and toxicities. The lipophilic nature of Diclofenac and its ability to form reactive metabolites (Diclofenac acyl glucuronides and the hydroxyl metabolites) are the features postulated to be associated with hepatotoxicity. Diclofenac is thought to induce liver damage through various mechanisms which may include acylation of hepatobiliary proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and immune response. Acylation of hepatobiliary proteins (Boelsterli et al., 2007) Diclofenac acyl glucuronides have electrophilic centers that can covalently bind with some proteins in the biliary tree. Most of the target proteins have sulfhydril groups. The canalicular ectoenzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is an example of an important target protein for the acyl glucuronides. DPP IV is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein and exopeptidase. DPP IV is more susceptible as a target protein for the acyl glucuronides because: It contains many sulfhydryl goups, making it a good target for the acyl glucuronides. DPP IV is located very close to the Mrp2, the pump responsible for the vectorial transport of the conjugates. The acyl glucoronides are highly concentrated in the canaliculus by the Mrp2 protein The slightly alkaline pH in bile favours hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides, hence their possible reactions with target proteins. A possible link between covalent binding and toxicity was delineated in rats, where inhibition of Diclofenac metabolism using the general CYP inhibitors greatly reduced hepatotoxicity (Vickers, 2008). The mechanism of DPP IV covalent binding with Diclofenac acyl glucuronide(Boelsterli et al., 2007) Mitochondrial Dysfunction (Boelsterli et al., 2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated as a primary indicator of hepatotoxicity (Vickers, 2008). Diclofenac can act as a protonophoretic compound thereby uncoupling the electron transport chain. This dissipates the proton gradient required for ATP production. Diclofenac and its metabolites may also produce oxidative stress which may affect mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (increased permeability of mitochondria outer membrane and opening of the mPT) (Woen Ping Siu et al, 2008). The formation of diclofenac cation radicals and quinone imine associated redox cycling produces a lot of oxidative stress to cells leading to Diclofenac toxicity. When rats and human liver cells were treated with Diclofenac, an increase in the expression of hemeoxygenase 1 (Hmox1) was noted in line with changes in the redox state and induction of oxidative stress (Vickers, 2008). These events lead to the release of pro-apoptotic proteins and bursting of the outer membrane. Immune response Some clinical features noted in some patients provided the evidence that the immune-allergic reactions are involved in Diclofenac-induced liver injury (Boesterli et al 2003). These include allergy symptoms, presence of IgM antibody, and hypersensitivity reaction in an inadvertent rechallenge to Diclofenac. All these are pointing towards immune response as a possible mechanism for Diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity, however the real mechanism is still elusive. Nephrotoxicity Diclofenac is increasingly being associated with renal toxicity. Diclofenac-induced renal toxicity in humans has been cited in literature (Lin et al. 2008). In veterinary medicine, marked decreases in population of certain vulture species were attributed to ingestion of carcases contaminated with Diclofenac residues (Swan et al., 2006, Naidoo et al. 2007, Lin et al. 2008, Naidoo et al., 2009). In all the cases, the vultures died due to renal failure. Most studies attributed this to high plasma uric acid levels and the production of ROS (Swan et al., 2006, Naidoo et al., 2007, Naidoo et al., 2009a, 2009b,). Diclofenac is said to inhibit the the p-amino-hippuric acid (PAH) channel and subsequently the transport of uric acid (Naidoo et al. 2009a). The resulting accumulation of uric acid in blood causes deleterious effects such as gout and increased intracellular ROS upon prolonged Diclofenac use (uric acid is an intracellular antioxidant). References A Schweitzer, N Hasler-Nguyen and J Zijlstra, 2009. Preferential uptake of the non steroid anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac into inflamed tissues after a single oral dose in rats. J. BioMed Central Pharmacol. 9:5 Alison E.M. Vickers, 2008. Tissue slices for the evaluation of metabolism-based toxicity with the example of Diclofenac. Chemico-Biological Interactions 179 (2009) 9-16) Boelsterli et al., 2003. Diclofenac-induced liver injury: a paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicol and Appl Pharmacol. ;192(3):307-322 Boelsterli et al., 2007 Mechanistic Toxicology. The molecular basis of how chemicals disrupt chemical targets K. Takeuchi, A. Tanaka, R. Ohno, A.Yokota, 2003. Role of COX inhibition in pathogenesis of NSAID-induced small intestinal damage. J Physiol Pharmacol. 54 Suppl 4:165-182 Lin Eng Ng, Barry Halliwell, Kim Ping Wong, 2008. Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 369 (2008) 873-877 N Kaplowitz (Editor). Drug-Induced Liver Disease Naidoo V et al., 2007. Validating the domestic fowl as a model to investigate the pathophysiology of diclofenac in Gyps vultures. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24 (2007) 260-266 Swan E.G et al., 2006. Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures. Biology. Letters. (2006) 2, 279-282 V. Naidoo , G.E. Swan 2009a. Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 149 (2009) 269-274 V. Naidoo, K. Wolter, R. Cuthbert, N. Duncan, 2009b. Veterinary diclofenac threatens Africas endangered vulture species. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 53 (2009) 205-208 Woen Ping Siu et al, 2008. Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), distinct from the mitochondrial permeability transition, is a key mechanism in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury: Multiple protective roles of cyclosporin A. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 15;227(3):451-561

Caring for Child and Family with terminal Illness

Caring for Child and Family with terminal Illness The aim of this assignment is to critically explore the concept of paediatric palliative care and the relevance of a childrens hospice in Ireland. A critical analysis of literature surrounding this topic will be undertaken in order to gain an in-depth understanding. Key elements relating to paediatric palliative care will be highlighted. Finally, the author will conclude on appropriateness of a hospice for sick children. An initial need for palliative care for children was acknowledged in the 1980s; having identified the need for this service, a nun opened and successfully ran a hospice for sick children (Rowse 2008). Interestingly, thirty years on, there is much debate surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of a national childrens hospice in Ireland. However, contrary to beliefs and the success of many hospices, it is recognised by the Department of Health and Children (DOHC) (2001); Rowse (2008); Watson et al (2009); Bishop et al (2008); that children with a life-limiting illness are best cared for at home. In addition, Watson et al (2009) outlined that when the premature death of a child was evident, the option of home, hospice or hospital as a place of death was presented to a child and their family, the majority of children and their families chose home. Caring for a child with a life-limiting illness can be a stressful and exhausting experience; it can put enormous pressures on the family unit (Wolff 2008). From personal experience, a familys dynamics can be seen to change over a period of time when a child is born or diagnosed with a life-limiting illness. Individual family members appear to take up a specific role when faced with a diagnosis of a life-limiting illness. A life limited-illness can be viewed as a condition that has no cure at present and will inevitably lead to the premature death a child (International Childrens Palliative Care Network (ICPCN) 2008; DOHC 2005). However, in many cases of paediatric palliative care it is very difficult to place a time frame on the length of the illness and its trajectory. Watson et al (2009) illustrated that these factors depend greatly on the individual childs diagnosis and the rarity of the illnesses being experienced. The DOHC (2010) identified conditions and diseases that children most commonly suffer with and divided them into 4 individual groups according to their types. However, experience and further reading has demonstrate that, in reality these illnesses dont always stand alone and can be combined with another illness or condition; as a result they may not always fit into a specific group type. Therefore, needs change and vary depending on the individual. While et al (1996) identified that an alarming 60% of children suffering with a life-limiting illness were dying from non cancer related conditions. It would appear difficult to clearly ascertain how long individual paediatric palliative care provisions would needed for, as many of the paediatric cases are unique in there diagnoses and have vast amounts of unknown variables. Similarly, these problems can be mirrored within the adult population of individuals with an intellectual disability, many individuals within this group are living with complex mental/physical illnesses throughout their lives, a further diagnosis of a life-limiting illness and its illness trajectory is surrounded by even more uncertainty (Gary and Stein 2008). Unfortunately, individuals with an intellectual disability are viewed as being one of the most disadvantage groups in society (Ryan McQuillan 2005). It would appear that a comparison could be drawn to a childs position regarding their needs, Watson et al (2009) highlighted that when a child is at an advanced stage within the illness trajectory many problems can occur, however, children unlike adults tend to live many years longer; many parents find this extremely difficult. From the authors experience many individuals with a primary diagnosis of severe intellectual disabilities and a life-limiting illness, appear to live longe r than that envisaged by the doctor. Although it has been acknowledged by the DOHC (2005), that within the trajectory of a child illness, children can cross over in their requirements for care needs throughout their illness due to the individuality of cases. The same has not been recognised within individuals with an intellectual disability. It can be argued that there are similarities between the philosophies of adult and paediatric palliative care. Gaining recognition of these differences has proven difficult to achieve (Richie 2008). In addition to this, Malcom et al (2008) acknowledged that children and adult palliative care principles were comparable, although, the uniqueness and specialist field of paediatric palliative care continues to emerge on its merits. McCulloch et al (2008) identified that paediatric palliative care principles are largely based on adaptation of the adult principles. However, Watson et al (2009) recognised some variations of these were developmental factors, approaches to consultation, physiology/pharmacokinetics, family structure and function, school and finally illness trajectory. Unfortunately, Dangel (2002) acknowledged that in the past some groups of children within Europe, where paediatric palliative care was not recognised or offered as part of multidisciplinary team involvement, a pr edisposing factor for the more recent tapered number of children receiving the provisions and benefits of a palliative care input. Furthermore, The European Association of Palliative Care (2009) advocated that a child should not be compared to that of a small adult, it was reiterated that their individual needs differed to that of an adult, although adult palliative care knowledge and experience can be a valuable and enriched source of expertise. The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002a) illustrated that adult palliative care aims to improve quality of life for patients and their families with problems associated with life-threatening illness, this can be achieved through the prevention, relief, early identification, holistic assessment and treatment of pain, encompassing all factors associated with physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs. Moreover, the paediatric definition applied by the WHO (1998a) bears a very close resemblance to that of the adult definition, however, central to the paediatric definition is active total care of the childs body, mind and spirit, giving support to the family from the start of diagnose and will continue regardless of whether or not a child receives treatment directed at the disease, this should be a broad multidisciplinary approach availing of community resources provided tertiary care including that of the home. Furthermore, a Report of the National Advisory Committee on Palliative Ca re (2001) stated that, if a child requires a palliative care service due to their life-limiting illness, their individual needs must be addresses and differ from that of adults. As a direct result of the recommendations published within this report, the DOHC (2005) devised a document on the assessment needs of a child needing palliative care. Murphy (2009) cited by Hawley (2010) outlined that the collaboration and interagency workings of professionals and families is key to unlocking the puzzle and viewing the holistic needs of a child and family. Interestingly, Hawley (2010); Gary and Stein (2008); McKechnie (2006) reported that as professionals we only see the needs of individuals based on the experiences and components that our own disciplines allow us to see. The needs of a child are identified by the DoHC (2010), where they foresee the future provision of paediatric palliative care in Ireland. Within this insight there is much change and some encouraging prospects for the field of paediatric palliative care. The main areas within both medical and nursing care that are being addressed are specialist paediatric positions, education and training, co-operation and collaboration between paediatric and palliative care services (DOHC 2005). Furthermore, in light of the primary care strategy DOHC (2001) the focus of health c are is being developed within the community setting, lead by General Practitioners, Public Health Nurses (PHNs) and other members of the multidisciplinary team. The question on many people minds is, is there adequate funding, recourses and trained staff in place to deal with the number of complex palliative care cases? It would appear that the Department of Health and Children and the Irish Hospice Foundation have worked collaboratively in response to the needs of those within the community and paediatric palliative care, concurring with recent advances in publication of paediatric palliative care. However, it would appear that the greatest financial input has come from the voluntary sector. The Irish Hospice Foundation (2010) has vowed to provide somewhere in the region of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.25 million over the next three to five years to fund the cost of providing eight outreach nurses with specific training to work and care for children with life-limiting illnesses. Furthermore, the Jack and Jill Foundation a registered charity, also provide à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3m annually to families whose children suffer with a form of brain damage, providing them with financial and emotion support in their homes. Hynson et al (2003) identified that as home care is central to paediatric palliative care it would appea r the most appropriate place to begin supporting in the task of improving the quality of life, reducing fears and allowing families to continue with as much normality as possible within their lives. However, in the case where home care is not appropriate or possible due to the complexity of illnesses, lack of trained nurses or that of geographical problems, a hospice may be more appropriate from that of an acute hospital setting. It was been well documented that children with a life-limiting illness and their families needing palliative care support, require a holistic approach to their individual case (Wolfe et al 2000). This can be an extremely challenging experience for the health care professional. To provide adequate care it is important to assess the needs of health care professional as well as the service users needs. Papafadatou (1997) identified that as health care professionals deal with a death of a child, they too can become disheartened by their failed attempts to save a childs life, this can happen on different three levels, firstly, the feeling of not being able to save the childs life, secondly, as a practitioner they could not protect the child from harm and thirdly the feeling of betrayal to the parents who trusted them with their child. The importance of supervision is reiterated by Butterworth and Faugier (1992), where it allows professionals to care for their emotional, social, physical a nd physiological needs. It would appear easier to be achieved within a hospice due to the central locality of staff. Having identified concerns related to paediatric palliative care, is it not more commendable to have a paediatric hospice that encompasses all needs supported by highly skilled staff, adapted and equipment within this specific area of medicine. An advantage of a hospice could be that of continuity of care and expertise management of rare and complex conditions. However, a disadvantage could be taking a child out of its familiar environment, causing fear and anxiety. The DOHC (2005) illustrate that only in exceptional and rare circumstances is taking a child out of its home is in the best interest of the child and their family. It only seems natural that grief associated with life-limiting illnesses will have long lasting effects on a childs siblings and a family as a unit. Wells (2001) outlined that coping with the death of a sibling was an impossible task; a surviving childs self esteem was directly related to the length and trajectory of the illness experience. Many problems can oc cur and personality changes in a surviving child can be seen following the death of a child with a life-limiting illness. However, Groot et al (2005) outlined, that these problems were less apparent when a child was cared for throughout the illness within the home environment. Again, this leads one to believe that the most appropriate place for a child to be cared for is that of the home with extensive provision of palliative care in place. However, Stelle et al (2008) identified little is known about a childs or families rational for attending a hospice. Benini et al (2008) outlines that in the Veneto region of Italy there is a paediatric palliative care network team supported by a regional paediatric hospice, there is a multi-disciplinary team approach with specialist supervision, training and care integrated within acute hospital services. It would appear that when a child is diagnosed with a life-limiting illness, there is a cascade of expert professionals contacted from the hospice, the child and their family then meet with the skilled professionals affiliated to the case to discuss options and resources available to them; as a result they coordinate care accordingly. The ultimate aim is to try getting the child home, pending influencing factors such as locality, staffing and cost, once a home a continuous reassessment of needs is carried out by the family paediatrician who coordinates care and liaises closely with the members of the multi disciplinary team involved. From this model it would appear that the hospice has multi functions. It appears to provide professional expertise, training, skills, knowledge and is a base for experts within the profession. The above concerns are similar to that within Ireland; the optimum locality for a hospice that is accessible to all within Ireland is of great concern. Furthermore, the American Academy of Paediatricians (AAP) (2000) cited by Jennings (2005) illustrated that hospice care is different to that of palliative care, as hospice care offers a package of care incorporating multi-disciplinary team workings. However, within the DOHC (2010) it is envisaged that there will be integration and co-ordination of services in a bid to provide an effective and efficient seamless palliative care service for children with life-limiting illnesses and their families within the home. In order for this to be implemented and carried out there will be an amalgamation of services from all organisations within the healthcare system. The DOHC (2005) reiterates the importance of a key worker to act as a link connecting services. The implementation of a childrens outreach nurse will undertake this role in an attempt to co-ordinate services and facilitate the needs of health and social care professionals, (Department of Health and Children 2010). From the literature, it would appear that nurses have a greater knowledge and experience in dealing with adult palliative care cases (While et al 1996). This is primary due to the limited number of paediatric palliative care cases in Ireland. In 2002 it was believed that there was a population of 1,013,301 children in Ireland (The Government of Ireland 2007). Moreover, the Irish Hospice Foundation (2008) estimated that there are 1,369 children living in Ireland with a life-limiting illness. As there are limited cases of paediatric life-limiting illnesses many cases appeared to be spread over a wide geographical area and this is bound to pose problems for organisations, influencing the levels of available expertise, training and costs European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) Taskforce (2007). However, under the directions of the DOHC (2010) policy it has recognised that if effective palliative care is required, it can be successfully delivered even if resources are limited. Bear ing this is mind, the DOHC (2001), illustrated that there were three levels of palliative care, a minimum of level 1 should be practiced by all staff indifferent of their area of expertise. The role of outreach nurses incorporates the training needs of staff at a local level (DoHC 2010). Furthermore, within the DoHC (2010) document it states there is a requirement for a consultant paediatrician with an interest in palliative care. However, some criticism with lack of limited research within this field and the majority of guidelines are based on opinions and a need for evidence based medicine Straatman et al (2008). The All Ireland Institute for Hospices and Palliative care (2007) identified that educational programmes were being made available for staff caring for children with a life-limiting illness. This was done in order to raise standards and provide up-to-date evidenced based care for children with a life-limiting illness. However, these programmes are located in Northern Ireland; recent economic difficulties do not promote attendance of staff to courses due to the financial burden and reduced staffing levels within organisations. However, within the current policy the DOHC (2010) have acknowledged that staff should ideally have knowledge, skills and confidence in both childrens and palliative care practices when providing paediatric palliative care. Many of the nurses who are experience within this field appear to work within the acute setting. While et al (1996) identifies that families have expressed a wish that when the time comes their child could die at home, however, there was some unease that without adequate nursing support this would not be possible. The Health Service Executive plan to implement a hospice home care programme, combined with a group of skilled and knowledgeable nurses providing advice and support to parents and other professionals alike who are caring for children at home (DoHC 2010). Benini et al (2008) advocates that a paediatric hospice is an important link within the paediatric palliative care chain, it can aid the transition from hospital to home, with the aim to achieve some normalisation within the childs life and prepare them for the home environment. The Cancer Strategy (2007) sets out principles outlining the ways in which palliative care service for the adult population should be developed and met. This is reiterated globally within the World Health Organisation (2007) document. Moreover, The Department of Aging and Disability Home Care (2004) produced a report more specific to the needs of an individual with intellectual disabilities identifying how policies and procedures can be implemented to achieve standardised practice. On a paediatric level, the publication of a national policy is a starting point for things to come. The DoHC (2010) aims to provide training in paediatric palliative care, thus improving standards for those afflict with a life limi ting illness. Literature informs the author that both the hospice and the home have equal credibility when implementing palliative care principles. However, firsthand experience speaks for itself, Time is precious and whatever time a child has left should be used to ensure they are as happy as possible in a home environment ODwyer-Quinn (2010), this is a profound and very heartfelt message sent out by a mother who suffered the loss of her little girl, 5 years later, she remains heavily involved and at the forefront of paediatric palliative care, contributing and present at the unveiling of the national policy on paediatric palliative care in March this year.

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 Essay -- Drama

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 I am going to direct act 2 scene 2 from the play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare. The scene is also known as the balcony scene. During this scene Romeo is looking up at Juliet on the balcony talking about love. The scene is going to be set in as historical environment the 16th century in Verona. Therefore the costumes shall also reflect this era. Juliet will be in her in nightdress (1) and Romeo will be in a party costume (2). This is because he has just been at the Caplet's party. From the previous scene we know that there is a conflict between the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo is a member of the Montague's and Juliet is a member of the capulet's. Romeo had been convinced to go to the party by his cousin Benvolio and his friend Mercutio. During the party Tybalt wants to hit Romeo but Lord Capulet doesn't let him. This shows the conflict. I will be using a thrust stage. The balcony will be placed on the left corner of the stage. There will be trees and colourful flowers surrounding the balcony. As this scene is set in the 16th century Juliet will be unaware of her rights as a women. The theme of the scene is love. Both Romeo and Juliet are expressing their feelings for each other. The relationship between Romeo and Juliet is very passionate, which will be conveyed though the use of language, their facial expression and body language. They will speak direct from Shakespheres text. In t...

Man’s Domination Over Woman in Kate Chopins Desirees Baby Essay

Man’s Domination Over Woman in Desiree’s Baby Differences between people create conflicts between people.   This is especially true between men and women, since throughout history society has viewed women as subservient to men.   Kate Chopin’s feminist short story, Desiree’s Baby, illustrates man’s domination over woman.   Since Desiree meekly accepts being ruled by Armand, and Armand regards Desiree as his possession, the master/slave relationship that exists between Armand and Desiree is undeniable. Armand believes that since he possesses a superior social position than does Desiree, he is at liberty to be master over her.   As a plantation owner and a descendant of the Aubigny family which bears "one of the oldest and proudest [names] in Louisiana" (316), Armand owns tens and hundreds of slaves.   In contrast Desiree is adopted into a family without a respected name.   Since, "Young Aubigny's rule was a strict one†, he not only treats the slaves as if they were animals, but also treats Desiree as but a beautiful possession.   Although Desiree truly loves Armand, the relationship is not reciprocal, which is evident by the fact that Armand has affairs with other women.   Desiree’s love for Armand elevates him in the relationship, while Armand’s domination over Desiree only makes her more submissive. Armand’s ego exhibits his qualities as a master.   His respected name, large plantation, and position as a master over slaves inflate his pride.   The fact that, â€Å"Armand is the proudest father in the parish†¦ because it is a boy, to bear his name† (317), illustrates that Armand does not truly love his family; instead he sees them as possessions – extensions of his property.   To Armand the baby serves the purpose of honoring him by ... ...e denies both her and the child, she loses personhood and therefore commits suicide and infanticide. The word, desperately, that describes her love for Armand illustrates how truly attached she is to him.   When Armand accuses Desiree of being black and disowns her because he believes this, Desiree completely loses her identity.   Without Armand she thinks, â€Å"I shall die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy, and live.† (319). It is not only Armand’s dominance, but also Desiree’s meek subservience that kills Desiree and the baby, while ruining Armand’s life.   In Armand and Desiree’s already teetering master/slave relationship, a trivial conflict over race is the final blow that splits them up.   Yet it was the difference between the perceptions of themselves and each other, set in place by a male dominated society, that doomed their relationship even from the beginning. Man’s Domination Over Woman in Kate Chopin's Desiree's Baby Essay Man’s Domination Over Woman in Desiree’s Baby Differences between people create conflicts between people.   This is especially true between men and women, since throughout history society has viewed women as subservient to men.   Kate Chopin’s feminist short story, Desiree’s Baby, illustrates man’s domination over woman.   Since Desiree meekly accepts being ruled by Armand, and Armand regards Desiree as his possession, the master/slave relationship that exists between Armand and Desiree is undeniable. Armand believes that since he possesses a superior social position than does Desiree, he is at liberty to be master over her.   As a plantation owner and a descendant of the Aubigny family which bears "one of the oldest and proudest [names] in Louisiana" (316), Armand owns tens and hundreds of slaves.   In contrast Desiree is adopted into a family without a respected name.   Since, "Young Aubigny's rule was a strict one†, he not only treats the slaves as if they were animals, but also treats Desiree as but a beautiful possession.   Although Desiree truly loves Armand, the relationship is not reciprocal, which is evident by the fact that Armand has affairs with other women.   Desiree’s love for Armand elevates him in the relationship, while Armand’s domination over Desiree only makes her more submissive. Armand’s ego exhibits his qualities as a master.   His respected name, large plantation, and position as a master over slaves inflate his pride.   The fact that, â€Å"Armand is the proudest father in the parish†¦ because it is a boy, to bear his name† (317), illustrates that Armand does not truly love his family; instead he sees them as possessions – extensions of his property.   To Armand the baby serves the purpose of honoring him by ... ...e denies both her and the child, she loses personhood and therefore commits suicide and infanticide. The word, desperately, that describes her love for Armand illustrates how truly attached she is to him.   When Armand accuses Desiree of being black and disowns her because he believes this, Desiree completely loses her identity.   Without Armand she thinks, â€Å"I shall die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy, and live.† (319). It is not only Armand’s dominance, but also Desiree’s meek subservience that kills Desiree and the baby, while ruining Armand’s life.   In Armand and Desiree’s already teetering master/slave relationship, a trivial conflict over race is the final blow that splits them up.   Yet it was the difference between the perceptions of themselves and each other, set in place by a male dominated society, that doomed their relationship even from the beginning.

Guns Germs and Steel summary

Europeans had an advantage over the Native Americans. They had the horses and the guns. Guns played a major role in the success of the Europeans. Guns not only aided in overthrowing the Native Americans, but also aided in keeping the Europeans alive by allowing them to hunt and gather food. Horses also played a huge role. They made battle and travel easier. Over time, the use of animals began advancing. Animals provided warmth and lolls.They aided in warfare as well by providing transportation for those fighting and also for transportation of foods and other goods. Animals were a major tool in the farming of land. This allowed for the technological advance of going from hunter- gatherers to food producer. This advance increased the crop yields, which allowed for an increase in population. Food production and larger populations favored more rapid technological development. People began inventing things Just out of curiosity or even to take up a new hobby.Many Native tribes, such as th e Navajo, began adapting the European use of dyes for weaving. Some tribes also took up ranching. A big technological advance was writing. The Europeans created a writing system, which would allow the transmission of knowledge across the land. Writing allowed long distance communication among the Europeans. It was the new technological advance that changed their lives for the better. They could write to someone a ways away without they, themselves, having to be there.Writing also yielded communication and record keeping of certain events. The next advance was the organization of societal roles. Bands and Tribes had egalitarian governments with Informal leadership and no real structure to conflict resolution. Chiefdoms Justify kleptomaniac and have a centralized form of conflict resolution. States have a centralized government with many levels of bureaucracy. States are good at developing weapons and providing troops. Egalitarian governments with informal leadership and no real struc ture to conflict.

What does it mean to learn

Needless to say, envisioning is the close vestigial incision of our daily experience. From the time we atomic number 18 born, we are development how to walk, owe to talk, opposite emotions, and so on. The conduct of how requireing occurs is part of educational psychology, neurophysiology, learning theory and pedagogy. breeding is the science and art of education it is the study and practice Of how lift out to teach. The benefits Of learning is the powerfulness to develop natural abilities such as learning from ones past mis wagess, creativity shipway of thinking, and increased brain power.Our mind is our most powerful weapon it helps us oblige to change, makes social groups, and establishes valuable relationships. It also helps us establish lines of daily communication. Learning neuromotor languages impacts our attitudes and correlates to academic achievements. As a somebody our main focus is achieving a divulge sense of self, learning leads to this self-fulfillment. I t will harbor your mind and memory sharp, increases confident, offers inexpensive shipway to try some affaire new, feeling of accomplishments, and even offers opportunities to learn new skills and trades to increase income.We do non learn just by existence taught during class or lecture, we learn by continuously being shown some amour throughout our lives. Whether it is in science class or behaviors taught by our parents, we learn about what is right r wrong, increased advantages from language studies, and ability to take care of ones self. What is it to learn? Learning is non the very(prenominal) for everyone. Although we are taught mostly the same things, how to eat, how to read, we progress in different ways.Therefore, learning encourages us to form personalities. It gives us perceptual constancy in repetitive activities. The best thing for being sad, replied Merlin, beginning to puff and blow, is to learn something. Thats the save thing that neer fails. You whitethorn g row old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, oh may miss your only love, you may hitch the world about you devastated by pestiferous lunatics, or know your honor trampled in the sewers of baser minds.There is only one thing for it indeed -? to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be rack by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things thither are to learn. White, The Once and Future tabby Learning is by far the best gift in this world. It provides us with to a greater extent than just basic knowledge. It gives us importation to the very questions we ask ourselves.

How can Village Volvo differentiate itself from Volvo dealers Essay

duty assignment 1 colony VolvoQ-1 Describe closure Volvos profound PackageAns-1 plaza suffice Package feel come to utility on Out of warrant Volvos This Consist of Five Comp binglentsSupporting forwardnessFacilitating Goods educationExplicate advantage inherent religious serviceAlso Routine assistance like Tune up and rock oil Change liquidation Volvo has one unusual Feature that isHistory of WorkInformation About Repaired VolvoHistory of Fault turf out in VolvoHelp Desk for MechanicsBeside the middle Service settlement Volvo provide spargon Service resembling 1.Routine Service customer RelationshipHistorical veerCost and Time Estimation provide Waiting RoomQ-2 How are the classifiable Characteristics of a Service Firm illustrated by crossroads Volvo?Ans-2 hamlet Volvo implemented Service package which manipulate customer convinced and ComfortableGenerally in Service motion caution on that point is one Rule If you are able to make customer your side your 50% handicraft has to be done In hamlet Volvo there are main ternion distinctive thingsPrepared by Milan Padariyavarlet 1Assignment 1 Village Volvo1. client Comfort2. Trust3. honorVillage Volvo Provide good do with additional assistant.One other good table service is prudence Information carcass in Village VolvoQ-3 Characterize Village Volvo in Regard to the nature of the service act, the relationship with customers, customization and judgment, the nature of demand and supply, and mode of service delivery.Ans-3 Following is the appropriate resultant temperament of Service Customer federationRelationship High Contact with CustomerCustomization and Judgment Very HighNature of Demand and Supply Pullmethod acting of Service Delivery Case concern proactive intervention supportive serviceQ-4 How Could Village Volvo manages its screen office (i.e. deposit operation) like a factory.Ans-4 Village Volvo manages its back office by following shipway 1. Proper Spare Parts Manage ment2. Provide Next Service battle and have a record with Village Volvo so, it will help for daily and hebdomadal Planning.3. Differentiate Emergency and RoutineThat is from Village VolvoAs per my knowledge Village Volvo Should employment some tincture Philosophy Like 5S of Quality Management1st S Sorting2nd S preparation in OrderPrepared by Milan PadariyaPage 2Assignment 1 Village Volvo3rd S lessen4th S Standardizefifth S SustainThere are much three S of Quality Management6th S golosh7th S Securityeighth S SatisfactionQ-5 How squeeze out Village Volvo differentiate itself from Volvo dealer? Ans-5 Village Volvo can differentiate itself from Volvo dealer from following ways 1.Differentiation Through Service faithfulnessIntegrated Virtual Call midpointIntegrated Service NetworkProactive offer sales serviceCustomer Touch point Management knowing Service agentIt is essential to look into consistent customer Experience across touch point which reinforce your scratch and se nds the message to customer that you understand them well. general CONCLUSIONThis is all about Service Operation Management (SOM).So, what incessantly ever Philosophy is for Service Operation Management which is related to Village Volvo like symmetry of ServicePerceived Service QualityExpected ServicePerceived ServicePrepared by Milan PadariyaPage 3Assignment 1 Village Volvo in general three dimensions considered in Service Operation Management 1. ESPS Expectation no met failing Customer not Happy I want to add one more thingIn Village Volvo there are two Possibilities1. ES

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.