Personal genetic information, Who should have access Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Genome research has always been accompanied by ethical, moral and legal issues and a great deal of debate concerning its various aspects. Among the societal concerns raised include fairness of use, privacy and maintenance of confidential information, stigmatization, reproductive issues, clinical safety and feasibility, individual and environmental health concerns, commodification and the uncertainties accompanying genome technology. Such issues have divided opinion right through the middle and it is therefore imperative that critique and healthy discussion be encouraged alongside generation of more information. Amongst these issues, personal genetic information seems to have received less attention in comparison to other aspects such as safety while a closer look reveals that it is equally important due to its potential implications if not addressed prope rly. This justifies a detailed inquiry into it with relation to its access, utilization, and impacts on individual and societal perceptions on revealed personal genetic information, potential differences in implications to minority communities and how this would take course and finally the emerging trends in personal genetic information issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal genetic information, Who should have access or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now A conclusion based on a personal opinion will then be arrived at. The guiding idea to this inquiry is that personal genetic information should be private and confidential to the individual. Personal Genetic Information Personal genetic information has been defined as the entire realm of genotype (molecular), phenotype (physical characteristics which are outcomes of genetic makeup) and family information (phenotypic inheritance). The general avenues of collection of personal genetic information follow these classifications whereby genetic information is obtained through analyses of DNA and proteins, phenotypic information is obtained through tissue tastes, imaging techniques and observation and lastly family information obtained through health practitioners collecting family clinical histories. Genetic mapping and sequencing is a main source of this information. The most critical issues of personal genetic information arise due the present information age where such information is stored in genetic databases or biobanks from which concerns about access arise (Glasner and Rotham, 2004). Issues of Access and Use of Personal Genetic Information Elston, Olson and Palmer (2002) reckon that one of the central issues in the functionality of the physician-patient relationship is that the patient is assured that the information shared between the two parties is confidential and that the fact that genetic makeup is unique to each individual makes personal genetic information perhaps the most private information about that individual.

Project Plan For A Project Management - 1019 Words

Project Plan Throughout the project, the Project Board uses the Project Plan as a baseline against which to measure progress. As such, the Project Plan must contain the overall schedule and cost of the project, as well as tolerances set by corporate/programme management. The Project Plan also provides a high-level view of the project’s management stages. Stage Plan(s) The Project Manager uses the Stage Plan as a baseline for everyday project management activities. Each management stage on a project will have its own Stage Plan, describing the products and resources involved, the quality activities required, and time/cost tolerance levels assigned by the Project Board. The Stage Plan is able to provide a lower level of detail than the†¦show more content†¦Exception Plan(s) Strictly speaking, the Exception Plan does not occupy any one level within the project management hierarchy. Instead, it may be created if a Stage Plan or a Project Plan goes into exception, i.e., if they are forecast to exceed tolerance levels. In this situation, the Project Manager must submit an Exception Report to the Project Board, articulating the details and impact of the exception, outlining possible courses of action, and recommending one particular option for handing the problem. If stage-level tolerances are likely to be exceeded then the Project Board will make a decision on the situation; if project-level tolerances are forecast to be breached, then the Project Board will escalate the issue to corporate/programme management. Where necessary, an Exception Plan will be created in response to an Exception Report, and if authorized, will replace the original plan, covering the duration of the plan it replaces, from the point at which the exception was identified. Developing Plans The PRINCE2 planning method comprises seven basic steps. (1) Designing the Plan The framework for the Plan is determined in part by the standards employed on the project, and entails selecting the appropriate format, layout, planning tools, estimating methods, level(s) of planning necessary (i.e., Project, Stage, and Team), and monitoring

An Ethical Dilemna Essay Example For Students

An Ethical Dilemna Essay Dilemma- Taken from: Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases A Real Life Situation pages 62-63 After three years with the company, Sandy was promoted to assistant plant manager. This was a big step for Unity Welding and Construction, as well as for the industry; Sandy was one of only a handful of women who had broken through the glass ceiling and made their way into management. She had proved to the men around her that she deserved the job, and she was now being toasted by assistant managers from other plants across the country John, her boss, had been her advocate with the company. He had personally lobbied upper management in her behalf. Unity Welding and Construction is a national firm with twenty fabrication plants, primarily in the South. The company does contract work for other companies that require welding or fabrication of metals into items used in the construction of aircraft, ships, bridges, and component parts for consumer durables. Each plant caters to specific industries. Sandys plant produces parts primarily for the automotive industry and is located in Arizona. Arizona is perfect for Sandy because of her acute asthma problems. As a teenager, she once visited relatives in Atlanta and had to be hospitalized because of her reactions to the different plants and foliage. Sandys doctor told her at the time that she would have fewer problems with her asthma if she resided in one of the arid regions of the United States. Six months had passed since Sandys promotion, and her first performance rating from John was excellent. John told her that if she continued this type of performance, she would probably be a plant manager in three to six years. Sandy developed some innovative ways to increase productivity during her six months on the job. For example, she successfully implemented a team concept, which gave responsibility for certain projects to the workers on the plant floor. She offered incentives if they could decrease job times and increase profitability. John gave Sandy his full support, and the pro- gram was working well. Worker salaries on these special projects jumped from an average of $15 per hour to $24 per hour, yet the companys bottom line continued to improve. Workers in the plant began competing to get on special projects. With the increasing competition, Sandy noticed that the workers were starting to cut corners. Minor worker injuries began to increase, and Sandy was concerned about how some of the workers were disposing of toxic wastes. She informed John about her concerns, and he said he would write the following memo: Attention: Workers on Special Projects It has come to managements attention that minor injuries are on the rise. Please review the Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines to make sure you are in compliance. In addition, there are rumors of improper disposal of wastes. Please read again the statement from the Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, congrats to Special Project Team Wolf. Profitability on your job increased 8 percent with an increase of $4.50 an hour for each member of the group. Great job!! Shortly after John sent out his memo, the recession started to hit the automobile industry hard. Some of Sandys workers were to be laid off. Sandy went through the records and found that her most productive workers had been selected for termination. She went to John with the problem, and he said hed take care of it. By calling in some favors, John was able to save the workers jobs, and no pink slips were issued at the plant. Within a week the workers knew John and Sandy had saved them. Two months later, in November, the special project teams were working especially hard. .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .postImageUrl , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:hover , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:visited , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:active { border:0!important; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:active , .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92 .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u292e5273266a9727d59417cd0ecaac92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts Of The Computer Essay Sandy noticed that the teams with the highest hourly wages were also the ones that were cutting corners the most. Sandy ran a spot inspection and found major quality problems with the products, as well as pollution problems. Additionally, she learned that several teams had procured software from the competition to reduce their production times. Sandy realized that something needed to be done quickly, so she went to John. John, weve got some major problems, she told him. Quality has decreased below our contracts specifications. Ive got workers cutting so many corners that its just a matter .

Prostate Essays - RTT, Prostate Cancer, Prostatectomy, Prostate

Prostate Cancer What is cancer of the prostate? Cancer of the prostate, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the prostate. The prostate is one of the male sex glands and is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It surrounds part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The prostate makes fluid that becomes part of the semen, the white fluid that contains sperm. Cancer of the prostate is found mainly in older men. As you get older, your prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder, which can cause you to have difficulty urinating or may interfere with sexual functions. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, you may need surgery to correct it. The symptoms of BPH or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms for prostate cancer. Following are common symptoms of prostate cancer: weak or interrupted flow of urine, urinating often (especially at night), difficulty urinating, pain or burning when you urinate, blood in the urine, or nagging pain in the back, hips, or pelvis. Often there are no symptoms of early cancer of the prostate. {Samuel R. Denmeade, American Association for Cancer Research} Stage Explanation: {Judd W. Moul, Monographs in Urology 1995} - Stages of cancer of the prostate: Once cancer of the prostate has been found (diagnosed), tests can be done to find out if cancer cells have spread from the prostate to tissues around it or to other parts of the body. This is called "staging." It is very important to know the stage of the disease to plan treatment. The following stages are used for cancer of the prostate:- Stage I (A) Prostate cancer at this stage cannot be felt and causes no symptoms. The cancer is only in the prostate and usually is found accidentally when surgery is done for other reasons, such as for BPH. Cancer cells may be found in only one area of the prostate or they may be found in many areas of the prostate. Stage II (B) The tumor may be shown by a blood test or felt in the prostate during a rectalexam, but the cancer cells are found only in the prostate gland. Stage III (C) Cancer cells have spread outside the covering (capsule) of the prostate to tissues around the prostate. The glands that produce semen (the seminal vesicles) may have cancer in them. Stage IV (D) Cancer cells have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes (near or far from the prostate) or to organs and tissues far away from the prostate such as the bone, liver, or lungs. Recurrent Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. It may come back in the prostate or in another part of the body. Prostate staging can also be described by using T (tumor size), N (extent of spread to lymph nodes), and M (extent of spread to other parts of the body). Treatment options for Prostate Cancer How cancer of the prostate is treated- Three kinds of treatment are commonly used: - Surgery (taking out the cancer) - Radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells) - Hormone therapy (using hormones to stop cancer cells from growing). Surgery is a common treatment for cancer of the prostate. The cancer may taken out using one of the following operations: Radical prostatectomy removes the prostate and some of the tissue around it. The may be done surgery by cutting into the space between the scrotum and the anus (the perineum) in an operation called a perineal prostatectomy or by cutting into the lower abdomen in an operation called a retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy is done only if the cancer has not spread outside the prostate. Often before the prostatectomy is done, a surgery to take out lymph nodes in the pelvis to see if they contain cancer is done. This is called a pelvic lymph node dissection. If the lymph nodes contain cancer, usually a prostatectomy will not be done. Impotence and leakage of urine from the bladder can occur in men treated with surgery. Transurethral resection cuts cancer from the prostate using a tool with a small wire loop on the end that is put into the prostate through the urethra. This operation is sometimes done